PINK1 kinase dysfunction triggers neurodegeneration in the primate brain without impacting mitochondrial homeostasis

In vitro studies have established the prevalent theory that the mitochondrial kinase PINK1 protects neurodegeneration by removing damaged mitochondria in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, difficulty in detecting endogenous PINK1 protein in rodent brains and cell lines has prevented the rigorous investigation of the in vivo role of PINK1. Here we report that PINK1 kinase form is selectively expressed in the human and monkey brains. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deficiency of PINK1 causes similar neurodegeneration in the brains of fetal and adult monkeys as well as cultured monkey neurons without affecting mitochondrial protein expression and morphology. Importantly, PINK1 mutations in the primate brain and human cells reduce protein phosphorylation that is important for neuronal function and survival. Our findings suggest that PINK1 kinase activity rather than its mitochondrial function is essential for the neuronal survival in the primate brains and that its kinase dysfunction could be involved in the pathogenesis of PD.

Lack of serological and molecular evidences of Zika virus circulation in non-human primates in three states from Brazil

BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) was discovered in 1947 with the virus isolation from Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) in Uganda forest, Africa. Old World Primates are involved in a sylvatic cycle of maintenance of this arbovirus, however a limited knowledge about the role of New World primates in ZIKV transmission cycles has been established. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to investigate the presence of enzootic circulation of ZIKV in New World Primates from three Brazilian states: São Paulo, Paraíba, and Paraná. METHODS We analyzed 100 non-human primate samples collected in 2018 and 2020 from free-ranging and captive environments from São Paulo (six municipalities belonging to Sorocaba region), Paraíba (João Pessoa municipality), and Paraná (Foz do Iguaçu municipality) using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase reaction (RT-qPCR) assays, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). FINDINGS All samples (n = 141) tested negative for the presence of ZIKV genome from tissue and blood samples. In addition, all sera (n = 58) from Foz do Iguaçu' non-human primates (NHPs) were negative in serological assays. MAIN CONCLUSION No evidence of ZIKV circulation (molecular and serological) was found in neotropical primates. In addition, the absence of antibodies against ZIKV suggests the absence of previous viral exposure of NHPs from Foz do Iguaçu-PR.

TRYPANOSOMA spp. in captive primates in a brazilian zoo

Captive animals, despite the constant care provided, are susceptible to infections from different sources. We herein report the natural trypanosome infection of 11 (28.2% positive) out of 39 non-human primates from 13 different species, in a Brazilian zoological park. Immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) ruled out Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. However, sequencing performed with positive samples employing hsp70 primers revealed similarities from 86% to 88% to diverse trypanosomes, including T. cruzi, Trypanosoma grayi, Trypanosoma lewisi, Trypanosoma rangeli and Trypanosoma vivax. We believe that the low similarity values obtained by sequencing reflect the difficulties in the molecular identification of trypanosomes, which share a large portion of their genetic material; this similarity may also preclude the diagnosis of co-infection by more than one trypanosome species. Thus, our study demonstrates the presence of diverse trypanosomes in primates, which are susceptible to infection by these parasites. Mechanical devices such as windows and bed nets, etc., are required to avoid vector insects in these environments, in addition to preventive quarantining of animals recently introduced into zoos. Therefore, investigation of the parasites in both the animals already residing in the zoo and those being introduced is of paramount importance, although no easy task.

Recent advances in myeloid-derived suppressor cell biology / 医学前沿

In recent years, studying the role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in many pathological inflammatory conditions has become a very active research area. Although the role of MDSCs in cancer is relatively well established, their role in non-cancerous pathological conditions remains in its infancy resulting in much confusion. Our objectives in this review are to address some recent advances in MDSC research in order to minimize such confusion and to provide an insight into their function in the context of other diseases. The following topics will be specifically focused upon: (1) definition and characterization of MDSCs; (2) whether all MDSC populations consist of immature cells; (3) technical issues in MDSC isolation, estimation and characterization; (4) the origin of MDSCs and their anatomical distribution in health and disease; (5) mediators of MDSC expansion and accumulation; (6) factors that determine the expansion of one MDSC population over the other; (7) the Yin and Yang roles of MDSCs. Moreover, the functions of MDSCs will be addressed throughout the text.

Platynosomum illiciens (Trematoda: Dicrocoeliidae) in a hybrid marmoset (Callithrix sp.) in the Municipality of Seropédica, RJ, Brazil - Case report / Platynosomum illiciens (Trematoda: Dicrocoeliidae) em um sagui híbrido (Callithrix sp.) no município de Seropédica, RJ, Brasil - Relato de caso

Abstract Platynosomum illiciens is a liver trematode encountered infecting mainly felids although it has also been reported in birds and in additional mammalian species, including non-human primates. The current study reports a natural P. illiciens infection primate of the genus Callithrix. The diagnosis was made using a combination of copro-parasitological techniques, morphological evaluation of adult specimens recovered from the liver during necropsy, and molecular analyses. Eggs were brown in color, oval, operculated, and contained a miracidium. Adult specimens recovered during necropsy were measured and showed dimensions compatible with P. illiciens. Molecular characterization of the trematode involved amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in combination with nucleotide sequencing, of an approximately 900 base pairs fragment corresponding to 18S-ITS1-5.8S ribosomal DNA. Sequenced amplicons showed 100% nucleotide identity with sequences deposited in the GenBank database as derived from specimens of P. illiciens recovered from cats in Malaysia and Brazil. It was concluded that the morphological and molecular analyses presented herein, confirmed the identification of the trematode recovered as P. illiciens.

Resumo Platynosomum illiciens é um trematódeo do fígado, encontrado principalmente em felinos, embora também tenha sido relatado em aves e outras espécies de mamíferos, incluindo primatas não humanos. Este estudo relata um caso de parasitismo natural por P. illiciens em um primata do gênero Callithrix. O diagnóstico foi feito com uma combinação de técnicas coproparasitológicas, avaliação morfológica de espécimes adultos recuperados do fígado durante a necropsia e análise molecular. Os ovos eram de cor marrom, ovais, operculados e continham um miracídio. Espécimes adultos recuperados durante a necropsia foram medidos e mostraram dimensões compatíveis com P. illiciens. A caracterização molecular do trematódeo envolveu a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e o sequenciamento de um fragmento de, aproximadamente, 900 pares de bases correspondentes ao DNA robosomal 18S-ITS1-5.8S, que apresentou 100% de identidade da sequência de nucleotídeos com as sequências do GenBank depositadas como derivadas de P. illiciens recuperados de gatos na Malásia e no Brasil, respectivamente. Concluiu-se pelas análises morfológicas e moleculares aqui apresentadas, que o trematódeo é da espécie P. illiciens.

Adherence to and invasion of HeLa cells by Campylobacter spp. strains isolated from animals / Adesão e invasão de células HeLa por amostras de Campylobacter spp. isoladas de animais

The objective of this study was to evaluate the adherence to and invasion of HeLa cells by Campylobacter spp. strains (total n=63) isolated from chickens (n=4), dogs (n=4), non-human primates (n=16), pigs (n=9), calf feces (n=18), and bovine genital tracts (n=12). Thirty-two strains adhered to and 13 invaded HeLa cells. Invasive strains included 1 of 4 dog isolates, 4 of 16 non-human primate isolates (2 C. jejuni and 2 C. coli), 1 of 9 C. coli strains isolated from pigs, and 7 of 18 C. fetus subsp. fetus isolated from calf feces. Only 25% of chicken and dog isolates and 23% of pig isolates were able to adhere to HeLa cells, a property of 65% of strains obtained from calf feces and 83% of bovine genital tract-isolated strains. The adherent phenotype was observed in 5 of 19, 6 of 15, and 21 of 29 strains of C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. fetus subsp. fetus, respectively, whereas 3 of 19, 3 of 15, and 7 of 29 strains were additionally able to invade HeLa cells, respectively. C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. fetus subsp. fetus strains isolated from animal feces are able to adhere and invade HeLa cells, whereas C. fetus subsp. fetus strains isolated from the bovine genital tract were not invasive in HeLa cells. The present study showed that C. jejuni isolated from primates and dogs, C. coli isolated from non-human primates and pigs, and C. fetus subsp. fetus isolated from calf feces have the ability to adhere to and to invade HeLa cells. Moreover, the lack of invasive ability by C. fetus subsp. fetus strains isolated from the bovine genital tract could be important in the pathogenesis of the genital tract diseases caused by this bacterium.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a adesão e invasão de células HeLa por amotras de Campylobacter spp. (total n=63) isoladas de frangos (n=4), cães (n=4), primatas não-humanos (n=16), porcos (n=9), fezes de bezerros (n=18), e trato genital de bovinos (n=12). Trinta e duas amostras foram capazes de aderir e 13 invadiram células HeLa. As amostras invasivas incluíram 1 de 4 isolados de cão, 4 de 16 isolados de primatas não-humano (2 C. jejuni e 2 C. coli), 1 de 9 C. coli isoladas de porcos e 7 de 18 C. fetus subsp. fetus isoladas de fezes de bezerros. Apenas 25% dos isolados de frango e de cão e 23% dos isolados de suínos foram capazes de aderir a células HeLa, propriedade exibida por 65% das cepas obtidas a partir de fezes de bezerros e por 83% das amostras isoladas de trato genital bovino. O fenótipo aderente foi observado em 5 de 19, 6 de 15 e 21 de 29 amostras de C. jejuni, C. coli e C. fetus subsp. fetus, respectivamente, enquanto que 3 de 19, 3 de 15 e 7 de 29 amostras foram adicionalmente capazes de invadir as células HeLa, respectivamente. Amostras de C. jejuni, C. coli e C. fetus subsp. fetus isoladas de fezes de animais foram capazes de aderir e invadir as células HeLa, enquanto amostras de C. fetus subsp. fetus isoladas a partir de amostras de trato genital bovino não foram invasivas, em células HeLa. O presente estudo mostrou que amostras de C. jejuni isoladas de primatas não-humanos e cães, C. coli isoladas de primatas não-humanos e porcos, e C. fetus subsp. fetus isolados a partir de fezes de bezerros foram capazes de aderir e invadir células HeLa. Além disso, a falta de capacidade invasiva de amostras de C. fetus subsp. fetus isoladas de trato genital bovino pode ser importante na patogênese das doenças das vias genitais causadas por esta bactéria.(AU)

Review and prospect of experiment methodology on animal behavior / 中国比较医学杂志

This is a systematic review of the history and progress of animal behavior experiment methods at home and abroad, and the conception associated with animal behavior experiments. In addition, the application of animal behavior experiment methods in the field of neuropsychology and military medicine is also reviewed, providing a reference for the scientific research based on animal behavior experiments.

Evaluation of arboviruses of public health interest in free-living non-human primates (Alouatta spp., Callithrix spp., Sapajus spp.) in Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of arboviruses from the Flavivirus genus in asymptomatic free-living non-human primates (NHPs) living in close contact with humans and vectors in the States of Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: NHP sera samples (total n = 80, Alouatta spp. n = 07, Callithrix spp. n = 29 and Sapajus spp. n = 44) were screened for the presence of viral genomes using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and 10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis techniques. RESULTS: All of the samples were negative for the Flavivirus genome following the 10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. CONCLUSIONS: These negative results indicate that the analyzed animals were not infected with arboviruses from the Flavivirus genus and did not represent a risk for viral transmission through vectors during the period in which the samples were collected. .

Theories about evolutionary origins of human hepatitis B virus in primates and humans

Introduction: The human hepatitis B virus causes acute and chronic hepatitis and is considered one of the most serious human health issues by the World Health Organization, causing thousands of deaths per year. There are similar viruses belonging to the Hepadnaviridae family that infect non-human primates and other mammals as well as some birds. The majority of non-human primate virus isolates were phylogenetically close to the human hepatitis B virus, but like the human genotypes, the origins of these viruses remain controversial. However, there is a possibility that human hepatitis B virus originated in primates. Knowing whether these viruses might be common to humans and primates is crucial in order to reduce the risk to humans. Objective: To review the existing knowledge about the evolutionary origins of viruses of the Hepadnaviridae family in primates. Methods: This review was done by reading several articles that provide information about the Hepadnaviridae virus family in non-human primates and humans and the possible origins and evolution of these viruses. Results: The evolutionary origin of viruses of the Hepadnaviridae family in primates has been dated back to several thousand years; however, recent analyses of genomic fossils of avihepadnaviruses integrated into the genomes of several avian species have suggested a much older origin of this genus. Conclusion: Some hypotheses about the evolutionary origins of human hepatitis B virus have been debated since the '90s. One theory suggested a New World origin because of the phylogenetic co-segregation between some New World human hepatitis B virus genotypes F and H and woolly B virus in basal sister-relationship to the Old monkey human hepatitis World non-human primates and human hepatitis B virus variants. Another theory suggests an Old World origin of human hepatitis B virus, and that it would have been spread following prehistoric human migrations over 100,000 years ...

Levantamento soroepidemiológico para arbovírus em macaco-prego-galego (Cebus flavius) de vida livre no estado da Paraíba e em macaco-prego (Cebus libidinosus) de cativeiro do nordeste do Brasil / Epidemiologic survey for arbovirus in galician capuchin monkeys (Cebus flavius) free living in Paraíba and captive capuchin monkey (Cebus libidinosus) from northeast Brazil

Este estudo descreve a primeira investigação de anticorpos para arbovírus em primatas não humanos do Novo Mundo no nordeste brasileiro. No período de março de 2008 a setembro de 2010 foram colhidos soros sanguíneos de 31 macacos-prego-galegos (Cebus flavius) de vida livre na Paraíba e de 100 macacos-prego (Cebus libidinosus) em cativeiro nos estados de Alagoas, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí e Rio Grande do Norte. Para a pesquisa de anticorpos utilizou-se o teste de inibição da hemaglutinação (IH), usando antígenos de 19 diferentes tipos de arbovírus, pertencentes aos gêneros Flavivirus,Alphavirus e Bunyavirus. As amostras de soro foram testadas nas diluições de 1:20 a 1:1280. Dentre as amostras examinadas, todas as de C. flavius foram negativas e 46 por cento das de C. libidinosus em cativeiro apresentaram anticorpos para arbovírus. Foram detectados anticorpos para nove (9/19) arbovírus. Foram observadas 17 reações heterotípicas, para dois ou mais vírus, do gênero Flavivirus, e 15 para o gênero Alphavirus, com títulos variando de 1:20 a 1:1280. Quinze amostras apresentaram reação monotípica para ILHV (n=4), MAYV (n=6), SLEV (n=1), ROCV (n=2), OROV (n=1) e MUCV (n=1). Estes resultados sugerem que houve intensa circulação de arbovírus na população estudada de macacos-prego em cativeiro.

This paper describes the first investigation of arbovirus antibodies on New World non-human primates from Northeast Brazil. From March 2008 to September 2010 blood serum samples were collected from 31 wild blond capuchin monkeys (Cebus flavius) from Paraíba and 100 captive capuchin monkeys from Alagoas, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí and Rio Grande do Norte. The haemagglutination-inhibition test (HI) was employed for 19 arbovirus of the Flavivirus,Alphavirus and Bunyavirus genus. Serum samples were tested from 1:20 to 1:1280 dilutions. Among the primates tested all C. flavius were negative and 46 percent C. libidinosus presented antibodies to arbovirus. Antibodies were detected for nine arbovirus (9/19). Seventeen heterotypic reactions were observed for at least two Or Flavirus and 15 for Alphavirus, at titers varying between 1:20 to 1:1280. Fifteen samples presented monotypic reaction for ILHV (n=4), MAYV (n=6), SLEV (n=1), ROCV (n=2), OROV (n=1) and MUCV (n=1). These results suggest that there was an intense arbovirus circulation in the studied population of captive capuchin monkeys.

Bacterial Profiles Associated With Captive Non-Human Primates in Jos Zoo, Nigeria.

Non-human primates (NHPs) are distributed worldwide and have several unique features that may account for opportunistic and pathogenic zoonotic bacteria. Aim: To evaluate the incidence of enteric organisms with zoonotic and biohazard potential in captive NHPs in a zoo setting. Study Design: Descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria between June-September, 2012. Methodology: We examined 33 clinically healthy young adult monkeys and apes over a three months interval. The animals were sampled at six weeks intervals by faecal culture. Samples were inoculated on appropriate media using specific selective culture methods. Suspect isolates potentially transmissible to humans were purified and identified based on their cultural and biochemical characteristics. Results: The survey revealed six (6) bacterial pathogens using API 20E, Escherichia coli (100.0%), Salmonella paratyphi A 31(93.9%), Proteus mirabilis 14(42.4%), Campylobacter species 6(18.2%), Citrobacter ferundii 7(21.2%), and Yersinia enterocolitica 3(9.1%). Conclusion: The incidence of infections during the period of study (first week and the twelfth week) indicated increased patterns of transmission between species of primates. Research among primate populations has the potential to predict which pathogens might enter human populations as human contact with these animals both in captivity and in the wild is on the increase.

The Ebola virus：a review of progress and development in research

The Ebola virus was identified in the year 1976 and has caused periodic outbreaks in West African countries. The disease has a case fatality rate up to 90%. Ebola has been classified as a biosafety level four pathogen and there is no currently approved vaccine or treatment for the virus. However, remarkable progress has been demonstrated by researchers in understanding the pathogenicity of the Ebola virus. Several animal models have been cultivated to develop diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutic drugs.

CRISPR/Cas9 system：a new gene modification tool for establishing disease models in non-human primates / 中国比较医学杂志

Animal models are highly valuable systems that have been extensively used to elucidate human disease pathogenesis and to find therapeutic ways to treat human diseases .Since non-human primates are close to humans,monkeys are important model species in exploring the mechanisms and treatment of human neurodegenerative diseases , neuropsychiatric disorders, cognitive function, and neural circuits.However, due to the lack of embryonic stem cell lines in large animals, the traditional gene targeting technology is difficult to establish primate animal models of human diseases . CRISPR/Cas9, as a recently developed tool for genome modifications , has been successfully used to target genomic loci in mouse, rat, monkey, and other species.Here, we discuss the utilization of CRISPR /Cas9 technology in establishing monkey models for studying human neurodegenerative diseases .

The construction and use of the operating room for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) in non-human primates / 中国比较医学杂志

The non-human primates have been profoundly being used to study the human reproductive models .It is the prerequisites to set up the operating rooms including hardware and software on reproductive experiments and transgenic manipulation.Thus, Combined with the practice of our center , both the construction and the associated problems about the IVF-ET operating rooms were discussed in this paper .It will provide some help for the related researches .

The Ebola virus: A review of progress and development in research

The Ebola virus was identified in the year 1976 and has caused periodic outbreaks in West African countries. The disease has a case fatality rate up to 90%. Ebola has been classified as a biosafety level four pathogen and there is no currently approved vaccine or treatment for the virus. However, remarkable progress has been demonstrated by researchers in understanding the pathogenicity of the Ebola virus. Several animal models have been cultivated to develop diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutic drugs.

Detection of arboviruses of public health interest in free-living New World primates (Sapajus spp.; Alouatta caraya) captured in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Introduction A sero-epidemiological survey was undertaken to detect the circulation of arboviruses in free-living non-human primates. Methods Blood samples were obtained from 16 non-human primates (13 Sapajus spp. and three Alouatta caraya) that were captured using terrestrial traps and anesthetic darts in woodland regions in the municipalities of Campo Grande, Aquidauana, Jardim, Miranda and Corumbá in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The samples were sent to the Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC) in Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil, to detect antibodies against 19 species of arboviruses using a hemagglutination inhibition test (HI). Results Of the 16 primates investigated in the present study, five (31.2%) were serologically positive for an arbovirus. Of these five, two (12.5%) exhibited antibodies to the Flavivirus genus, one (6.2%) exhibited a monotypic reaction to Cacipacoré virus, one (6.2%) was associated with Mayaro virus, and one (6.2%) was positive for Oropouche virus. Conclusions Based on the positive serology observed in the present study, it was possible to conclude that arboviruses circulate among free-living primates. The viruses in the areas studied might have been introduced by infected humans or by primates from endemic or enzootic areas. Studies of this nature, as well as efficient and continuous surveillance programs, are needed to monitor viral activities in endemic and enzootic regions. .

Yellow fever epizootics in non-human primates, São Paulo state, Brazil, 2008-2009 / Epizootias de febre amarela em primatas não humanos no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 2008-2009

Since 2000, the expansion of Sylvatic Yellow Fever (YF) has been observed in the southeast of Brazil, being detected in areas considered silent for decades. Epizootics in non-human primates (NHPs) are considered sentinel events for the detection of human cases. It is important to report epizootic events that could have impact on the conservation status of susceptible species. We describe the epizootics in NHPs, notified in state of São Paulo, Brazil, between September 2008 to August 2009. Ninety-one epizootic events, involving 147 animals, were reported in 36 counties. Samples were obtained from 65 animals (44.2%). Most of the epizootics (46.6%) were reported between March and April, the same period during which human cases of YF occurred in the state. Biological samples were collected from animals found dead and were sent to Instituto Adolfo Lutz, in São Paulo. Two samples, collected in two counties without an indication for YF vaccination, were positive for the virus. Another 48 animals were associated with YF by clinical-epidemiological linkage with laboratory confirmed cases. Because the disease in human and NHPs occurred in the same period, the detection of the virus in NHPs did not work as sentinel, but aided in the delineation of new areas of risk.

Desde 2000, vem sendo observada a expansão da febre amarela (FA) no Sudeste do Brasil, sendo detectados casos em áreas consideradas silenciosas por décadas. Epizootias em primatas não humanos (NHPs) são considerados eventos sentinela para a detecção de casos humanos. É importante relatar eventos epizoóticos que podem ter impacto sobre o estado de conservação de espécies sensíveis. Descrevemos as epizootias, notificadas em NHPs no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, entre setembro de 2008 a agosto de 2009. Noventa e um eventos epizoóticos, envolvendo 147 animais, foram notificados em 36 municípios. As amostras foram obtidas a partir de 65 animais (44,2%). A maioria das epizootias (46,6%) foram registradas entre março e abril, no mesmo período no qual YF em que casos humanos ocorreram no estado. As amostras biológicas foram coletadas de animais encontrados mortos e enviadas ao Instituto Adolfo Lutz, em São Paulo. Duas amostras, coletadas em dois municípios, sem indicação para a vacinação de febre amarela, foram positivos para o vírus. Outros 48 animais foram associados com FA por vínculo clínico-epidemiológico com casos confirmados laboratorialmente. Devido a doença em humanos e NHPs terem ocorrido no mesmo período, a detecção do vírus em NHPs não funcionou como sentinela, mas ajudou no processo de delimitação de novas áreas de risco.

Saimiri sciureus' hard palate morphology / Morfologia do palato duro de Saimiri sciureus

Primate order includes around 180 species. Morphological aspects of New World non-human primates (NHP) have been extensively investigated since last century. General commonsense describes oral cavity adaptations according to diet and feeding, dentition, tongue projection and head shape. Morphological appearance and dimension of the hard palate have been outstanding as interest in many species including man. Six young Saimiri sciureus hard palate were investigated. We measured the hard palate distance (HL), intercanine distance (ICD), intermolar distance (IMD), and interpremolar distance (IPD). Complete and incomplete palatine crests were quantified. We believe that better understanding of the mouth roof morphology will contribute to improve the management of captive animal's diet in order to re-introduce the animals in its habitat.

A ordem dos primatas inclui ao redor de 180 espécies, os aspectos morfológicos dos primatas não humanos do Novo Mundo tem sido investigados extensivamente desde o último século. O senso comum descreve adaptações na cavidade oral de acordo com a dieta e alimentação, dentição, projeção da língua e formato da cabeça. A aparência morfológica e a dimensão do palato duro demonstram interesses para muitas espécies incluindo o homem. Foram investigados seis palatos de Saimiri sciureus jovens os quais foram mensurados: o comprimento do palato duro (HL); a distância intercaninos (ICD); a distância intermolares (IMD) e, a distância interpremolar (IPD). As cristas palatinas completas e incompletas foram quantificadas. Nós acreditamos que para o melhor entendimento da morfologia da boca pode contribuir para melhorar a dieta dos animais mantidos em cativeiro a fim de introduzir estes animais em seu habitat.

Seroepidemiological monitoring in sentinel animals and vectors as part of arbovirus surveillance in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil / Monitoramento soroepidemiológico em animais-sentinela e vetores como parte da vigilância de arbovírus, no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

INTRODUCTION: From February-September 2010, seroepidemiological surveys were conducted on non-human primates and transmitter vector capture was used to investigate the possible circulation of arboviruses in the municipalities of Bonito, Campo Grande, and Jardim, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 65 primates from the wild and captivity were used, and potential vectors were captured using Castro and dip nets. Serum samples were tested at the Instituto Evandro Chagas, State of Pará, using the hemagglutination inhibition test to detect total antibodies against 19 different arboviruses. Virus isolation was attempted from serum samples and arthropod suspensions using newborn mice and the C6/36 cell line clone. In addition, identification of the vector species was conducted. RESULTS: From the 19 serum samples from Campo Grande, 1 sample had a 1:20 titer for Flavivirus. From the 35 samples collected in Bonito, 17 samples had antibodies to arboviruses, 4 (11.4%) were positive for Alphavirus, and 5 (14.2%) were positive for Flavivirus. Monotypic reactions were observed for the Mayaro (n = 10) and Oropouche (n = 5) viruses, and 6 (17.1%) samples had titers for >1 virus. We captured 120 Culicidae individuals that were potential arbovirus transmitters in Jardim; however, all the samples were negative for the viruses. CONCLUSIONS: Mato Grosso do Sul has a variety of vertebrate hosts and transmission vectors, thereby providing ideal conditions for the emergence or reemergence of arboviruses, including some pathogenic to human beings.

INTRODUÇÃO: No período de fevereiro a setembro de 2010, foram realizados inquéritos soroepidemiológicos em primatas não humanos e captura de vetores transmissores, com o intuito de investigar a possível circulação de arbovírus nos municípios de Bonito, Campo Grande e Jardim, no Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 65 primatas de vida livre e de cativeiro, e potenciais vetores capturados por Castro e puçás. As amostras séricas foram testadas pelo teste de inibição da hemaglutinação para a detecção de anticorpos totais contra 19 diferentes arbovírus e a tentativa de isolamento viral (camundongo recém-nascido e linhagem celular-clone C6/36) nas amostras séricas e suspensões de artrópodes, bem como a identificação das espécies vetoriais foram realizadas no Instituto Evandro Chagas-IEC no Estado do Pará. RESULTADOS: Das 19 amostras séricas do município de Campo Grande, 1 apresentou titulo de 1:20 para Flavivirus. Das 35 amostras coletadas em Bonito, 17 apresentaram anticorpos para arbovírus, sendo 4 (11,4%) positivos para Alphavirus, e 5 (14,2%) positivos para Flavivirus. Reações monotipicas foram observados para o vírus Mayaro (n=10) e para o vírus Oropouche (n=5) e 6 (17,1%) amostras apresentaram títulos para mais de um dos vírus estudados. Foram capturados 120 Culicídeos potenciais transmissores de arbovírus no município de Jardim. Todas as amostras coletadas foram negativas para o isolamento viral. CONCLUSÕES: Por possuir uma variedade de hospedeiros vertebrados e vetores transmissores, o Mato Grosso do Sul apresenta condições propícias para a emergência ou reemergência de arbovírus, inclusive alguns patogênicos para os seres homem.

Localization of sugar residues in the stomach of three species of monkeys (Tupaiidae glis, Nycticebus cocang and Callithrix jacchus) by lectin histochemistry / Localización de los residuos de azúcar en el estómago de tres especies de monos (Tupaiidae glis, Nycticebus cocang y Callithrix jacchus) por histoquímica de lectina

The stomach of three species of non-human primates was investigated by lectin histochemistry to clarify the staining affinity and distribution patterns of their sugar residues. All gastric regions, with little differences between the deep and superficial parts of the same region, were rich in. in N-acetylglucosamine and/or neuraminic acid. Although, the superficial regions of the gastric mucosa were scanty in N-acetylgalactosamine, a- D-glucose and a -D-mannose, the deep parts of the gastric mucosa were rich in these sugars. In conclusion, there is a difference among the mucosubstances of surface and foveolar mucous cells, mucous neck cells, and gastric gland cells. This indicates heterogeneous composition of gastric mucus, or mucus molecules with variations in the degree of glycosylation of their oligosaccharide chains in the different cells which suggest that lectin binding affinity in the gastric mucosa correlated mostly to the degree of cellular differentiation.

El estómago de tres especies de primates no humanos fue investigado por histoquímica de lectinas para determinar la afinidad de tinción y los patrones de distribución de sus residuos de azúcar. Todas las regiones gástricas, con pequeñas diferencias entre las partes profundas y superficiales de la misma región, eran ricas en N-acetilglucosamina y/o ácido neuramínico. Si bien, las regiones superficiales de la mucosa gástrica eran escasas en N-acetilgalactosamina, a-D-glucosa y a-D-manosa, las partes profundas de la mucosa gástrica eran ricas en estos azúcares. En conclusión, existe una diferencia entre las mucosustancias de la superficie y células mucosas foveolares, células mucosas del cuello y células de las glándulas gástricas. Esto indica una composición heterogénea de la mucosa gástrica, o moléculas de moco con variaciones en el grado de glicosilación de sus cadenas de oligosacáridos en las diferentes células, sugieriendo que la afinidad de union de lectinas en la mucosa gástrica se relacionada principalmente con el grado de diferenciación celular.